Unit 3: Chapter 9
   1. Types of Muscle Tissue:
    (location, nucleus, striations, control and function)

      1) Skeletal (pg.282)





      2) Smooth (297-298)






      3) Cardiac (298-299)
  





   2. Skeletal Muscle Function
       Functons: (complete in class)
           1) Mobility-


           2) Posture-



           3) Heat Production-


  3. structure of a Skeletal Muscle (pg.282)
       List Tissues-
      

      A. Connective Tissue Coverings (define each)
            fascia-
  
            tendon-
 
            epimysium-

      B. Skeletal Muscle Fibers (define each))pg. 284-285)
            skeletal muscle fiber-

            sarcolemma-

            sarcoplasm-
 
            myofibrils-

           myosin-
 
           actin-

           sarcomeres (pg.285 + handout)


  4. Neuromuscular Junction (pg.286)

     A. Skeletal muscles contract only if stimulated

          1) Neuromuscular Junction (draw&label the lower right 
                            diagram in the bow)pg.286











    B. Define the following (pg.286)
          1) motor neuron-

          2) neuromuscular junction-

          3) motor end plate-

          4) synaptic cleft-

          5) neurotransmitter-

          6) synaptic vesicles-

          7) acetylcholine-

    C. Motor Units (summarize the 2 paragraphs) pg. 286-287









 5. Skeletal Muscle Contraction (pg.287-288)
         Discuss myosin-




         Discuss actin-
    


        
         Cross Bridge-



         What is the function of tropomyosin and troponin?

   

  A. Discuss the Sliding Filament Theory (pg. 288)





  B. Stimulus for Contraction (pg. 289)

     Discuss the importance of Acetycholinesterase (enzyme)-





                Duplicate table 9.1

  Muscle fiber Contraction                       Muscle fiber relaxation

















Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction (pg.291-293)

     Muscle Contraction-sliding actin over myosin requires energy. This energy 
      comes from ATP molecules.

  I. Energy Source- discuss the importance of ATP-





     What does ATP stand for- (glossary)

 II. The energy required to produce ATP comes from 3 sources: (list them)

      a.
 
 
      b.
 
  
      c.

  III. Discuss Creatine Phosphate (pg. 291)





  IV. Discuss Anaerobic Respiration (pg. 292)





  V. Discuss Aerobic Respiration (pg. 292)










  Formula (wait till lecture)-


  Sources of Oxygen (wait till lecture)-




  VI. Breakdown of ATP yields energy (class lecture)






  VII. ATP Made in Mitochondria Utilizing Glucose (class lecture)

          Glucose =


          Glycogen =



  VIII. What is Oxygen Debt (pg. 292)












MUSCLE RESPONSES (pg.294-297)

  I. Important Terms for Muscle Response: (Discuss each)

          1. Threshold -




          2. All or Nothing Response -





  II. Recording of muscle contraction

There are different types of skeletal muscle contractions.

          1. Twitch- A jerky contraction in response to 1 stimulaton.

               Ex. Myogram (draw Figure 9.15 n pg. 295)







         a) Parts of a contraction  
      
         stimulus- (single action potential)
 

      
         latent phase-


         contraction phase-


         relaxation phase-



         refractory period-


III Sustained Contractions
 
          1) Muscle tone-


          2) Tetanic: sustained contraction due to repeated rapid stimulation
             (multiple wave summation.) Most useful contraction. Allows us to 
             walk, lift, etc.



                a) Isometric: muscle tightens but does not shorten or produce 
                              movement
                b) muscle contracts and produces movement
                c) isokinetic: the force a muscle generates is less than 
                               that required to move or lift an object 


Muscle Tissue (Describe how muscles lengthen passively



IV Interaction of skeletal muscle actions: Skeletal muscles usually work in 
      groups rather than singularly. They produce movement by pulling bones 
      never pushing.


        prime movers-


     
        synergists-



        antagonists-



V. Abnormal Contractions:

       spasm- sudden involuntary contraction of a skeletal muscle contraction. 
              (cramp)


       rigor mortis- locking of muscle after death due to the inability to 
                     produce ATP to remove Ca++. lasts 2-72 hours

    Terms:
       Atrophy- when a muscle increases in size due to lack of use
       Hypertrophy- when a muscle increases in size due to forceful exercize. 
                    (filaments increase not # of fibers)

VI Other interestinf facts:

     Strength of muscle Contraction Depends On:
   
         1)
          
         2)
 
         3)

Muscles that move a part dont usually lie over that part.

Why?

VI Sequence in walking.

       - flex thigh and knee
       - plantar flex foot (oppisite foot)
       - extend leg
       - dorsal flex foot
       - extend leg

How does a Muscle Contract and Relax (Must know for test)

1) Brain initiates impulse
2) Motor neutron transmits to muscle fiber through action potential
   (depolarization)
3) Acetylcholine is released from end plate
4) Acetylcholine attaches to sarcolemma releasing Ca++ ions
5) Ca++bind to troponin to expose cross bridges
6) Actin slides over myosin using ATP
7) Cholinesterase destroys Acetylcholine
8) ATP is used to remove Ca++. If Ca++ remains attached to triponin movement can 
   occur many times
9) Filaments separate and muscle relaxes
10) ATP reassembles using creatine phosphate, aerobic and anaerobic responses